Amaranthus farming and cultivation

Amaranth (Amaranthus spp) is a very popular commercial & gardening crop with high nutritive value. It grows rapidly, has high yield per unit area of edible matter & crop can the harvested in 21 days, thus providing for repeated cultivations in lesser time.

SOWING & LAND PREPARATION AND SOIL

Since the size of the seeds are very small, it has to be mixed with sand & then broadcast. The ratio of sand to seed is generally 3:1 or 2:1 .

seed mixing

seed broadcasting

turning soil after broadcasting

Raised seed beds about 20 cm height are made and about a truck load of fresh decomposed farm yard manure is added & mixed thoroughly. Seeds are then mixed in the above mentioned ratio & broadcast. Immediately after sowing seeds, very light irrigation must be done.

raised seed beds

CLIMATE AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Amaranth responds very well in high temperatures. They are able to efficiently use CO2 and minimize photorespiratory loss. It’s a c4 plant. And photosynthesis takes place even at hot & humid temperatures. Hence it is widely cultivated in tropics & semi tropics.

when plant reaches 3 leaf stage

It responds well to fertilizer application in the form of foliar sprays. Organic manure solutions available in the market must be sprayed @ 1 ml per litre, when the seedlings are at 2 leaf stage. Complex NPK fertilizers can also be sprayed @ 3 grams in 10 litre water.

Amaranth grown for commercial seed production require more fertilizers & that will will be mentioned in another post.

FUNGAL AND PEST MANAGEMENT.

Since the plant produces tender succulent leaves, it is subject to high incidence of pests. Hairy caterpillars feed on the leaves & skeletonise the plant. This can be treated using dichlorvos @ 2 ml per litre.

aphids & scale insects, suck the plant sap & reduce marketability. Dimethoate @ 1 ml per litre is recommended.

fungal attack, white spots on leaf surface which spreads to entire plant

The main problem is the fungal attack on amaranth. White spots appear in the surface of the leaves & make the plant look old & diseased & thus completely reduce marketability. It happens generally if the seeds used for sowing were already contaminated with the disease, or it could be soil borne. Albigo candida is responsible for this. There is no specified treatment, but it can be prevented by treating the seeds & soil with anti fungal agents. Also timely harvesting the crop reduced the chances of white spots appearing as it mostly occurs when the plants are older.

HARVESTING

The most beneficial aspect of amaranth cultivation is that it can be harvested in 21 days. It is also less laborious and requires much less farm inputs due to this & is very economic from the cultivation point of view.

ready for harvesting in 21 days

When the plant attains a height of around 15 to 20 cm, it has to be harvested. The height is generally attained 21 to 25 days after sowing.

making bundles for sale

Harvesting must be done early morning or late evenings. If harvesting is done when the temperature is highm during day time, it will appear withered & wilted.

Since the entire plant is edible it is uprooted as a whole at the time of harvesting. around 10 to 15 plants are then tied together to make a bundle. The entire bundle is then washed in running water & is ready for marketing.

Photos and content by Pritham 'Heavy metal farmer' denzil dsouza

guitar shred video without pick

another video of me shredding without using a guitar pick.

this was a really old video & like the other one, the quality not that great. my fingers move fast as the camera moves at a slower frame per second rate.

click play to watch the video

guitar tapping and 3 string legato

click the play button to watch my video

i had clicked this video using my computer web cam. the quality is not that great, but still watchable.

and i still do not use a guitar pick

Brinjal vegetable farming

Brinjal (Solanum melongena) is a widely cultivated vegetable crop. It is also called egg plant. Widely used in culinary preparations it also fetches good income to the farmer.



LAND PREPARATION , SOIL & CLIMATE

Brinjals grow very well in sandy loam soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. it also requires warm & long days for its growth. It is however very susceptible to frost &yield is drastically affected during winters.

the above sequence of photos shows the seedlings from the nursery beds to transplanting in the field.



Since the seeds are very small, they first have to be raised in seed beds or nursery beds. For this, seed beds are made to a height of about 30 cm, & freshly decayed farm yard manure is added to it & mixed thoroughly. It is then kept for 2 days before seeds are sown.

1 week after transplanting



Transplanting of the seeds have to be done once the young seedlings reach 3 to 4 leaf stage.





Ridge and furrow method is being adopted here. The recommended spacing is 75*75 cm. certain varieties require more spacing as they exhibit high degree of branching & vigour. Only healthy young plants must be selected & diseased, stem bored plants avoided.



FERTILIZER APPLICATION & IRRIGATION

Since the plant is a slow growing crop, fertilizer application at frequent intervals is very beneficial. At the time of transplanting , fresh farm manure must be added to the furrows & the soil mixed well. NPK in the form of granules should also be added liberally. The transplanted plants need to be protected from extreme temperature & so shade must be provided using leaves & twigs of bamboo or other trees.

application of manure 15 to 20 days after transplanting



Around 15 to 20 days after transplanting, when the crop has established itself in the main field, manure can be added. The ridges or bunds must be broken, & the soil around the roots must be loosened. After mixing with manure, bunds of ridges must be again made to give strength to the base of the plant.

the above sequence of photos shows fresh manure added to the soil. manure should be added at a distance from the roots



Brinjals responds well to good irrigation & optimum water conditions. Watering must be given immediately after transplanting to prevent transplanting shock & temporary wilting. For a few days till the plant is well established, light irrigation must be given on alternate days. Normally weekly thrice irrigation is sufficient. Is some cases, drip irrigation has shows progressive results

INTER CULTURE OPERATIONS.

Most brinjal varieties show lateral branching & high vigor. The weight of the plant sometimes causes it to droop , and to avoid this support must be provided. In many cases, even high wind velocity can cause the plant to uproot. So when the plants are around a month old, after transplanting, strong sticks must be planted next to the growing plants to act as support. When the plant later grows, it must be tied to the stick using rope to prevent the plant from drooping. Soil also must be added to the base of the plant to enhance anchorage.

sticks provides support to the growing plant



photo before foliar spray & fertilizer application

photo after 15 days

high vigor growth after first application of manure & sprays

Damaged , unhealthy branches must be pruned to give way to new shoots & branches. Repeated trimmings of the branches increases the life span of the plant , in some cases up to 2 years. Foliar sprays of 1 percent NPK , every month is highly recommended & encourages fruiting.

the above sequence shows the flower bud formation to fruit bud initiation and finally fruiting

Brinjal is highly susceptible to a variety of pathogens from insect to viral infections. The worst insect pest is the shoot and fruit borer caused by Lucinodes orbonalis. Here the drooping young shoots and fruits have holes plugged with the excreta of the pest. Crop losses up to 70 percent is reported. This is active throughout the year.

The damaged fruit must be harvested separately & destroyed. Cypermethrin @ 2 ml per litre should be sprayed at an interval of 15 days. Weekly sprays should be done when the infestation is severe.

Termites also damage the roots of the plants & they suddenly exhibit wilting. In such cases, drenching the soil with Chloropyriphos should be done.

Thrips, plant hoppers, aphids, mealy bugs which suck the plant sap, are mostly seen on the under side of the leaf & can be controlled by spraying dimethoate @ 1 ml per litre.

Another serious pest is the horn moth or Acherontia styx which is a stout caterpillar with green & yellow bands. Feeds on leaves & damages foliage. Can be treated using chloropyriphos @ 2 ml per litre.

Viral diseases are caused by aphids & prevention is the only cure using dimethoate.

HARVESTING

huge size brinjal

The fruits must be harvested along with the stalk at joints where it is attached to the branches. Glossy appearance, & optimum sized fruits fetch a better market price as compared to dull, immature fruits. Medium sized fruits are preferred over large sized ones, & harvesting can be done also on a daily basis depending on the size of the fruits. Long duration crops yield up to 50 tonnes per hectare as compared to early varieties which yield up to 30 tonnes per hectare.

Photos and content by Pritham 'Heavy metal farmer' denzil dsouza