Okra cultivation in monsoon season ( slope terracing)

Cultivation of orka is also carried out in the monsoons, but in places where excess rainfall is seen, certain techniques and methods must be adopted to cultivate it on a profit basis. The following slope terrace method is adopted at padval agriculture and farm enterprises & the results can be seen

LAND SELECTION AND PREPARATION

The most important criteria here is selection of the land. As we are going to adopt slope terrace method, the selected land must be a hillock.

selection of land & making rows

After the first monsoon showers, land becomes ready to cultivate. Wide rows are made, measuring a width of 60 to 75 cm. the distance between the rows have to be maintained at a much higher level. Up to 80 cm distance between rows are seen.

photo shows the width of each row

3 to 5 loads of farm yard manure or fresh compost is added to the soil & mixed properly. Weeds, big stones etc must be removed completely. Raised beds or ridges are made where the seeds have to be sown.

The seeds are dibbled by hand over the raised beds made in each row. Due to the monsoon, the soil will become sticky & care should be taken to see that the seed is properly dibbled in the soil. Seeds should be sown at a depth of min 2 inches.

GERMINATION AND RE SEEDING

The seeds will germinate late, sometimes after 7 to 10 days after sowing. Climate and temperature play an important factor in germination. When the soil temperature is low, germination will not take place. Also other factors like ants, nematodes attack the seeds in the soil

sowing the seeds when field conditions have received first rains

For ants, it is advised to mix 2 spoons of turmeric powder with the seeds before sowing.

For nematodes & soil pathogens, carbofuran granules are added in the ridges where the seeds are to be sowed.

germination seen on 10th day after sowing

In most cases, due to excess rainfall, the seeds will not germinate properly. In many cases only 50 percent of the seeds will germinate. Germination percentage of less than 40 percent is also reported. Without wasting much time, re sowing must be done in the gaps where the seeds have not germinated. if this process is delayed, then inter culture operations become difficult as the plants will not have uniform age.

THINNING OUT & FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT

More seeds must be sowed as the percentage of germination during rains in greatly affected. If the germination is much above normal, thinning out of the seedlings must be done. Here, diseased, infected or weak seedlings must be removed. Spacing between the plants must be maintained at 45 cm .

plant growth after first inter culture operation & fertilizer application

Addition of complex fertilizers is not required during sowing, but 15 days after germination, NPK can be applied.

When the plant attains 3 leaf stage, foliar sprays of organic manures is highly recommended. Leaf weevils are major pest when the plant is young. Insect repellants like neem oil & other solutions which are available in the market must be used.

crop seen after 30 days from first day of sowing

Organic sprays such as biovita and others must be sprayed at an interval of 15 days. This will help the plant get the much needed micro nutrients & trace minerals which are lacking in complex NPK.

Fungal infestation is the highest during the rains. When the intensity of rain increases, the young leaves get damaged & get infected by various types of fungus causing loss in yield. To check this it is recommended to spray the crop with systemic fungicides at an interval of 15 days and contact fungicides at an interval of 7 days. 2 to 3 gram per litre water is recommended

crop after 45 days after sowing. flowering is seen

It is highly advised to spray insecticides or fungicides with a suitable wetting agent. This will make the spray concentrate more wet and sticky to the leaf surface, ensuring good absorption by the plants.

HARVESTING

Unlike in summer crops, here monsoon okra will show delayed flowering & fruit setting. Sunlight which is a necessary factor for plants to synthesize their own food is a limiting factor here. However when conditions remain favorable flowering is seen at around 60 days after first day of sowing & will continue for a period of 45 days.

fruit setting seen & workers harvesting fruits

Harvesting the fruits is generally done every alternate days, but uniform length of the fruits can be seen during harvesting especially in the rains.

Photos and content by Pritham 'Heavy metal farmer' denzil dsouza

okra ladies finger vegetable farming

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) or ladies finger Is a popular annual vegetable grown in tropic & subtropics. Tender green fruits are cooked in curry & soup. The seeds are also rich in edible oils & protein. The oils extracted from the seeds are used in making soap, various cosmetics. The proteins in the seeds are used as supplements in feed fortification.

LAND PREPARATION & SOIL

The roots have a well developed tap root system & so it is recommended to grow okra in well drained , humid, rich soils containing good amounts of organic content. Loose , friable soils are best suited.

The land selected should be free from weeds & clods & other formations should be pulverized. Sowing is done either by seed drill or hand dibbling.

above photo shows okra seedlings after 7 days from date of sowing

The seeds are sowed on ridges & spacing between the plants on each ridge should be around 45 cm. the distance between each row of ridges should be at least 75 cm. the land has to be thoroughly plowed as tiny stones & clods have a detrimental effect on germination.

Organic manure should be mixed well in the soils and carbofuran granules must be added to prevent soil nematodes from eating the seeds. This will help the germinating seeds for a period of 3 weeks.

above photo shows the okra plot 15 days after first day of sowing

The seeds have a strong seed coat & this can be broken by soaking the seeds in water/curds overnight.

MANURING

Organic manure during sowing the seeds is a must. Application of fresh compost manure, which is not decayed properly will cause more harm than good as the ammonia released in the fresh manure will destroy the young emerging seedlings. Application of complex fertilizers like NPK is done in split doses. When the seedling reaches 4 to 6 leaf stage , earthing up & other interculture operations are done. Here adding organic manures along with NPK can be done.

organic manure being added

manure added to either side of the rows



decayed organic manure is safer to use as it will not have toxic gases


after application, top dressing is done, soil is again heaped near the base of the plant

Manuring during the most crucial flowering stage has to be monitored properly. The final dose of complex NPK and organic manure can be given at this time. Foliar sprays can be given at all stages of crop development .

WATERING

Watering has to be done immediately after seeds are sowed. Maintaining the soil moisture is very important at every stage. Generally watering is done every 3 days, when field conditions are normal. Under high temperature conditions, watering every alternate days in done. Ridge system of irrigation is better than flooding.

During monsoon watering is not required as the soil will have adequate mositure. Even though it can tolerate moderate to heavy rainfall, excess rainfall will damage the crops.

Moisture stress during flowering will have a great impact on the development and quality of the fruits.

INTERCULTURE OPERATIONS

After germination of the seeds, thinning out is done. Plant population & plant density can be maintained here with thinning out. In places where seeds have not germinated, it is recommended to immediately sow seed rather than transplant from another area. Even though transplanting has worked in many cases, it is not followed as it is time consuming & laborous & the percentage of success is also very low.

top dressing , earthing up of soil, application of manure.

the above photo shows crop development after 2 weeks of adding manure

Weeding is the most laborous of inter culture operations in orka. But it has to be done repeatedly . weeds directly compete with the growing crop for nutrients, space & water. The time of sowing, weeds must be removed , and when application of manures during the later stages of crop develpoment, weeds have to be removed.

Some okra varieties show lateral branching. However pruning is not done.

The main crop loss is due to MOSAIC VIRUS where the plants start to turn bright yellow and results in death of the plant. Since there is no cure for virus, only prevention can be done.

Since it is transmitted by whitefly, which act as vectors, spraying with dimethoate @ 2 ml per litre at an interval of every 10 days is followed. Strong concentrations of insect repellants like neem extracts @10-15ml per litre can also be applied as foliar spray.

Plants which already have yellow mosaic should be uprooted & burnt at some distance.

photo shows leaf damaged by hairy caterpillars

Another serious pest is the presence of hairy caterpillars. The adults leave the eggs on the under side of the leaf & the larve when they hatch feed on the leaves in a gregarious fashion. Here CHLOROPYRIPHOS@ 2 ml per litre can be sprayed at an interval of 15 days.

hairy caterpillars infested plant

HARVESTING

Different varieties have different days of fruit formation. ARKA ANAMIKA which is a very popluar variety shows flowering from the 50^th day of sowing.

Harvesting must be done using gloves or cloth as the tiny hairs on the plant & fruit can have an allergic effect to some. Harvesting should be done every alternate day to avoid smaller fruits & tender fruits from being plucked.

flowering and fruit formation seen

fruit and flower buds

hybrid variety okra

a typical okra field

The crop can be retained for over 2 months & yields of about 100 quintals per hectare have been recorded.

Photos and content by Pritham 'Heavy metal farmer' denzil dsouza

coccinia vegetable farming methods

Coccinia indica is a well known vegetable grown in the coastal which is high in nutritive value. the ripe fruit which is red in color is a well known anti diabetic & is being exported to many countries for this purpose.

LAND PREPARATION

summer crop

since the plant is a long vine, it has to be trained over a trellis. the land selected must be free from all weeds & big stones. pits around 1 meter wide & up to 2 or 3 feet deep are dug. 2 to 3 baskets of organic manure are added to each pit & the soil is mixed well so that the manure added is evenly mixed in the soil.

healthy stumps of the coccinia plant are chosen, & a pointed cut is given to the base of the stump for polarity. the selected stumps must be dipped in a solution containing 2 gram per litre carbofuran granules. this is done to prevent the soil pathogens, nematodes from attacking the stumps.

in each pit 4 stumps must be planted preferably at the corners of the pit & soil added. top part of the stumps must be supported by rope or nylon thread & tied to the trellis.


the trellis must have adequate height or plucking the fruit becomes cumbersome. stone poles, bamboo can be used as pillars while light weight bamboo, plastic pipes of thin guage etc can be used as the canopy. nylon thread, has to be tied & from one end of the stone pillars to the other end in a net like formation. the developing long vines will be trained over this.


the above pic shows nylon ropes being used


for the frame of the trellis, strong metal pipes can be used & light weight plastic pipes can be used in the middle as the pic shown above indicates.

the above pic shows the height which is a key factor in plucking. other interculture operations like top dressing, earthing up & watering becomes easy when the trellis has good height.

MANURING

since the vines grow to several meters, & produce many offshoots, fertilizer management has to be monitered regularly.

it is highly recommended to apply 2 baskets of fresh organic manure to every pit, every month along with 100 to 200 gram NPK.


the above photo shows the application of bacterial culture along with compost manure slurry.

in a 100 litre water drum, add 1 basket of fresh organic manure. add bacterial gel @ 2 kg per 100 litres water. one can also add solution of decompising bacteria as this will help release nutrients faster to the plant.



rainy season crop

cultivation of the crop during rain is very challenging as the plant is highly intolerant to excess rainfall. pollination does not occur as the pollen grains are washed away. also the plant is highly succeptable to many fungal infections. other insect pathogens take cover in the thick vegetative foliage & further damage the plant.

here water logging at the bases of the pits should be checked. as a preventive, the pits must be covered with soil so as to get a heap. & all weeds around the heap must be removed.

the above photo shows the change in the pits. soil is heaped & excess water is made to run off the sides of the heap.

PRUNING

the most important in cultivation of coccinia is the timing of pruning the vines. repeated prunings are recommended as the newly developing vines produce more flowers & yield more. pruning the vines must be done every 3 to 4 months to maximise yield.


when the vines start to look a bit weak, & there is a change in color of the leaves to yellow, pruning is done. also close spacing of the stumps and planting more stumps in each pit, will result in overcrowding of the vines & harvesting is affected. in such cases the vines provide shelter to several insect pathogens which damage the main crop or other crops.


the above photo shows coccinia fruit severly attacked with aphids & thrips. Dimethoate@ 2 ml per litre or imidochloprid@ 1 ml per litre effectively control this problem. spraying of the crops is generally done during the evenings after 4 pm as early morning sprays are generally avoided as it may interfere with pollination by bees & other pollinators.

WATERING

summer
requires good quantity of water, but cannot tolerate stagnation. during fertilizer application every month, earthing up of the soil is done to break the clods & crust formation. earthing up of soil also increases the porosity & hence facilitates good drainage of water. mulching the pits is done to minimise watering. paddy straw, dried weeds, husk etc can be used as mulch.

it is recommended to water the crop at the time of plucking the fruit. mornings and evenings when the sun is not harsh is a good time to water the crop. watering thrice weekly in conditions when soil temperature is high is also practised.

monsoons
watering is not done during rainfall, however in green house conditions, it is recommended to water the crop at least once in 10 days.
heaping of the soil around the base of the stumps is done to prevent stagnation of water.

the above photo shows the pruned stump which is supported to the trellis with ropes & nylon thread, while the base is supported by heaping the soil around it.



the above photo shows newly developing vines, seen around 2 to 3 weeks after pruning & heaping the soil at the base of the stump.


the above photo shows the development of the vines after 4 weeks of pruning.


the vines have to be carefully monitored & seen that they do not fall in a downward direction. they have to be trained over the trellis and in a few weeks time covers the entire trellis like a green tent.

GREEN HOUSE/PLASTIC SHADE

excess moisture which is detrimental in the production of the fruit can be checked by raising make shift green houses. plastic sheets can be used and the entire plant must be covered.


notice the plastic sheet which is used in the above photo, the vines are kept dry, & the slight increase in temperature under the sheets is conducive for flowering & pollination.


the above photo shows the developing vines covering the entire trellis giving an appearance of a green carpet.


the above photo shows the formation of fruit, which is similar to the fruits formed in summer season. the main advantage of this method of cultivation in the monsoons is good price for the produce. shortage in production , during monsoons can be checked this way.

however the main disadvantage is, its a highly expensive & labour orientated. larger trellis areas need more plastic sheets & can be used for only one season due to wear and tear & thus is not cost effective. higher quality plastic sheets which can be re used up to 3 years are too expensive & might not cover the cost.


INTERCROPPING

Since periodic prunnings are done, the space between the pits can be utilized effectively to grow crops like cowpea, amaranth which does not take up much space to cultivate.


the above photo shows cowpea, bush type variety successfully grown between the rows of coccinia pits.

this method can be practised in summer effectively. above photo shows, weeds being removed & heaping of the pits.


Rich harvest above

green carpet appearance of a typical coccinia trellis

Photos and content by Pritham 'Heavy metal farmer' denzil dsouza